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Thermodynamics

Heat transfer, phase transitions, and thermal phenomena

Ideal Gas Law Calculator: PV = nRT and Kinetic Theory Explained

29 Jul 2026

Ideal gas law calculator with an interactive kinetic theory simulator — find pressure, volume or temperature from PV = nRT and watch molecules respond live.

ideal gas lawkinetic theoryPV=nRTBoyle's lawCharles's lawgas constantthermodynamicsroot-mean-square speed

Leidenfrost Effect

1 Mar 2026

Why do water droplets levitate and skitter on a very hot pan? Explore the Leidenfrost effect — the vapour cushion that insulates droplets above the Leidenfrost point — with an interactive heat transfer simulation.

thermodynamicsheat transferphase transition

What is the Triple Point? Where Water Boils and Freezes at Once — and Why Dry Ice Never Melts

22 Mar 2025

The triple point of water — 273.16 K at 611.657 Pa, where ice, liquid and vapour coexist. Interactive phase diagram, freeze-drying and dry ice simulations.

thermodynamicsphase transitionstriple pointphase diagramdry icefreeze drying

The Anomalous Expansion of Water: Why Ice Floats and Lakes Freeze From the Top Down

1 Jun 2019

The anomalous expansion of water explained: density peaks at 4°C, ice floats, lakes freeze top-down. Drop parcels, freeze a lake, save a pipe — 3 sims.

thermodynamicswaterhydrogen bondingdensityanomalous expansionicelakes
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