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Standing waves and resonance, explained interactively — build string harmonics, paint Chladni patterns with sound, and shake buildings in an earthquake sim.

Mirror formula calculator for concave and convex mirrors — find image distance, magnification, and image type from an interactive ray diagram tool.

Lens formula calculator with five worked examples and the full sign convention — plus a film-plane bench for chromatic aberration and achromatic doublets.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion explained with three interactives: draw a real orbit with pins and string, stamp equal areas, and weigh a black hole.

Snell's law calculator and interactive refraction simulator — find the angle of refraction and critical angle, and see total internal reflection live.

Heat loss calculator for conduction, convection and radiation: build a wall and read its U-value, feel why metal seems cold, and dissect a vacuum flask.

Escape velocity calculator for Earth, the Moon, Mars and the Sun, with an interactive black hole maker showing how compressed a mass must be to trap light.

Velocity-time graph calculator: fire a cart's thrusters and watch the graph record it, cut a ticker tape into a bar chart, and solve SUVAT problems as a shape.

Carnot engine efficiency calculator applying the laws of thermodynamics — run a live 4-stroke P–V cycle, audit any engine with entropy, find max power.

Nuclear fission vs fusion, explained by the binding energy curve — split or fuse any nucleus, weigh the missing mass, and run a live chain reaction.

Electric potential calculator with interactive equipotential lines — drag point charges, compute V = kq/r, and measure the work done moving a test charge.

Conservation of angular momentum, L = Iω, with interactive simulators: see why a skater spins faster with arms tucked and why a spinning gyroscope precesses.

Myopia and hypermetropia calculator — see whether an image forms in front of or behind the retina, then find the exact corrective lens power in diopters.

How does an atomic clock work? Cesium-133's 9,192,631,770 Hz hyperfine transition locks the SI second, with laser cooling and precision explained.

Bohr model calculator for hydrogen electron energy levels — find transition wavelengths, explore the emission spectrum, and see why orbits are quantized.

Work-energy theorem calculator — drag a force curve to compute W = ∫F dx, verify W_net = ΔKE, then explore instantaneous vs average power P = Fv.

Torque calculator and rotational motion simulator — balance a lever with the τ = rF sinθ formula, then race a disk, ring and sphere down a ramp.

Newton's law of gravitation calculator and orbital velocity simulator — find orbital speed, period via Kepler's third law, and explore elliptical orbits.

Bernoulli's principle calculator and fluid dynamics simulator — model flow speed, pressure drop in a Venturi tube, and whether objects float or sink.

Right-hand rule and magnetic force calculator — explore how force direction flips with a vector simulator, build a velocity selector, and separate isotopes.

Ideal gas law calculator with an interactive kinetic theory simulator — find pressure, volume or temperature from PV = nRT and watch molecules respond live.

Time dilation calculator with an animated light clock, real-world speed presets, and a spacetime diagram that resolves the classic twin paradox.

RC circuit calculator for charging and discharging capacitors — find the time constant, series/parallel capacitance, and energy stored in a capacitor.

Faraday's law and Lenz's law explained with three simulators — swing a magnet through a coil, spin an AC generator, and find induced current direction.

Equivalent resistance calculator for series and parallel circuits — combine resistors, break a bulb string, and build a live voltage divider.

Conservation of momentum explained with an interactive elastic and inelastic collision simulator — final velocity formulas, worked examples and FAQs.

Centripetal force simulation and calculator — drag radius, speed and mass, compute F = mv²/r, period and acceleration, and see why the force points inward.

Half-life calculator with an interactive radioactive decay simulator — find the amount remaining, decay constant and age of a sample from N = N₀e^(−λt).

See how light waves interfere and diffract with four interactive simulations — Young's double slit, single-slit diffraction, and diffraction gratings explained.

Explore how low-pass and high-pass filters work with an interactive simulation — from RC circuits and cutoff frequencies to Butterworth filter design.

Lasers amplify light through stimulated emission — explore the quantum mechanics of population inversion, optical cavities, and how the first laser was built in 1960.

Einstein's Nobel Prize experiment visualised — watch photons eject electrons from a metal plate and discover why frequency beats intensity every time.

Coulomb's law calculator with two interactive simulators — drag charges to trace the inverse-square force curve, and balance charged pendulums against gravity.

Wave speed calculator for the wave equation — three interactive simulations show why frequency never changes speed, and how long a wavelength really is.

Watch kinetic and potential energy trade off as a mass descends a ramp — see conservation of energy in action with adjustable mass, height, and friction.

Interactive Ohm's Law calculator — enter any two of voltage, current, or resistance and compute the third, with a live V–I characteristic graph.

Visualise displacement, velocity, and acceleration in a spring-mass system. Adjust spring constant, mass, amplitude, and damping — explore the phase portrait.

Explore all three of Newton's laws interactively — inertia, F = ma, and action-reaction — with live graphs and adjustable parameters.

What is a mirage and are mirages real? How inferior mirages, superior mirages and Fata Morgana form — explore all types with 3 interactive simulations.

Build a noisy signal from multiple frequencies, then use the Fast Fourier Transform to recover the original — see denoising in action.

Why does an ambulance siren drop in pitch as it passes you? Visualise the Doppler effect — wavefront compression ahead of a moving source, rarefaction behind it — with adjustable source speed and interactive spectral shifts.

Zoom into the Mandelbrot set — the most famous fractal in mathematics. Explore infinite boundary complexity generated by a single recursive formula, and discover how iteration count maps to the vivid colour gradient.

Watch energy slosh between two spring-coupled masses and discover normal modes — the symmetric and antisymmetric oscillations that underpin everything from molecular vibrations to phonons in crystals.

Why do water droplets levitate and skitter on a very hot pan? Explore the Leidenfrost effect — the vapour cushion that insulates droplets above the Leidenfrost point — with an interactive heat transfer simulation.

Interactive exploration of mean, median, mode, distributions, and confidence intervals.

Build complex waveforms from harmonics — stack sine waves to construct square, sawtooth, and triangle waves and see how Fourier series works in real time.

Electric field explained with interactive simulators — visualise field lines from point charges, apply E = kq/r² and superposition, and read field maps.

Explore quantum wave packets — see how superposing plane waves creates a localised particle, and discover Heisenberg's uncertainty principle through the interactive dispersion and group velocity controls.

Visualize the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution — see how molecular speeds shift with temperature, and compare most probable, mean, and root-mean-square velocities in an interactive simulation.

Explore the butterfly effect with this iconic chaotic system.

Explore Lissajous figures — beautiful parametric curves traced by two perpendicular harmonic oscillators. Adjust frequency ratio and phase to see patterns shift from lines to ellipses to knots.

Interactive projectile motion calculator — adjust launch angle, velocity, and gravity to trace live parabolic trajectories.

The triple point of water — 273.16 K at 611.657 Pa, where ice, liquid and vapour coexist. Interactive phase diagram, freeze-drying and dry ice simulations.

The anomalous expansion of water explained: density peaks at 4°C, ice floats, lakes freeze top-down. Drop parcels, freeze a lake, save a pipe — 3 sims.

Optical tweezers and chirped pulse amplification — tools that transformed science.

How astronomers measure cosmic distances — parallax, Cepheids, and Hubble's Law.

Charge separation in thunderclouds and the physics of lightning and thunder.

Penumbral, partial, and total eclipses — plus the rare Super Blue Blood Moon.

Ferromagnetism, domains, and why only certain elements are magnetic.

How do 3D glasses work? Polarized, red-cyan anaglyph and active shutter glasses explained with interactive polarization and depth simulations.

A single atom thick, stronger than steel, and a better conductor than copper.

Photovoltaic cells, band gaps, and tandem configurations — sunlight to electricity.

Meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites — space rocks burning up in Earth's atmosphere.

From a platinum cylinder in Paris to Planck's constant — the new kilogram.

The fundamental building block of diodes, transistors, solar cells, and LEDs.

Bits vs qubits — superposition, entanglement, and the future of computing.

A googol, a typo, and a nine-year-old — the origin of the world's biggest search engine.

The monk who argued the universe was infinite — and was burned at the stake for it.